How Aging Affects Your Nails

Growth Rate

Nail growth slows slightly over time. The average growth rate is around 3mm per month, though anywhere between 1.8 mm and 4.5 mm is considered normal. Toenails grow about one-third to one-half as quickly as fingernails.

Nail Texture

With age, nails may become brittle and prone to breaking. Repeated wetting and drying, or exposure to harsh cleaning chemicals or cosmetics like cuticle and nail polish removers, can worsen the problem.

More serious brittleness can cause ridges along the length of the nail and fragmenting of the nail tips.

Conditions like anemia, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), and hormonal problems can cause changes in texture, so consult your health provider if you notice significant texture differences in your nails.

Nail Thickness

Nails may become thicker or thinner with age. Conditions like psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis can also result in thicker nails.

Fungal infections, which account for about half of all nail disorders and are common in older people, can cause nail thickening and discoloration. The scientific term for a nail fungal infection is "onychomycosis."

Treatments for fungal nail infections include oral or topical (applied to the nail) antifungal preparations, which may need to be administered for months.

Choosing the right medication will depend on other prescriptions you may be taking (to avoid drug interactions) and the severity of the infection.

Nail Contour

The curve of your nails may change as you age. A dramatic shape change with very rounded nails is clubbing, a sign of long-term oxygen deprivation. It can occur with a variety of diseases including kidney, liver, and endocrine disorders, and should be investigated by your healthcare provider.

Pressure from too-tight shoes or foot deformities that push a nail inward can cause ingrown toenails. Though more common in younger people, ingrown nails in the elderly can cause substantial pain and walking problems.

Simple treatment involves soaking the foot to ease the ingrown nail out using small pieces of cotton. Minor surgery to remove a narrow strip of the nail is usually more effective at preventing future ingrowth.

Nail Color

Over time, nails may turn yellow or become discolored, turning slightly gray, generally pale, or opaque. Fungal infections can also cause discoloration.

One type of color change involves dark stripes or ridges along the length of the nail. The medical term for this is "longitudinal melanonychia."

Darker-skinned people, such as Hispanics and African Americans, often develop longitudinal melanonychia as they age. The stripes are made up of the same pigment, or melanin, that accounts for the color of your hair.

Bowen's disease, a form of skin cancer, may occasionally show up as a darker stripe on the nail. More typically, it appears on the skin of the hand. A dark stripe may also be caused by a splinter hemorrhage, or bruise beneath the nail, which in the elderly is usually due to minor trauma to the nail and resolves on its own.

When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider

While many of the nail changes that occur with age are minor, some can signal more serious health problems like heart and lung disease, anemia, liver and kidney problems, and diabetes. See your family healthcare provider or dermatologist if you have any concerns.